Approximately 12 million Americans over age 40 have vision impairment, 1 million of which are blind, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Historically, employment opportunities for blind adults have been limited by the inaccessibility or ineffective use of Braille, a system of raised dots that allows visually impaired individuals to read and write.

Scientists are developing new digital technologies to bring Braille text and tactile graphics to the blind in real time. The South Korean company Dot, for example, created an electromagnetic device that moves thousands of pins up and down on a handheld pad. Michigan-based NewHaptics is working on an apparatus that uses air pressure to move the Braille dots on a display.

Other researchers are exploring ways to leverage artificial intelligence to translate books and convert images into Braille more quickly and at a lower cost. American Printing House for the Blind uses Dot technology to create a laptop machine called Monarch that displays 10 lines of Braille and provides a Braille keyboard, as well as word processing, graphics and touchscreen capabilities. The new devices are expensive. Dot Pad retails for $12,000 and the Monarch is $17,900.